I'm running a project with these settings: Default Actor Isolation: MainActor Approachable Concurrency: Yes Strict Concurrency Checking: Complete (this issue does not appear on the other two modes) I receive a warning for this very simple use case. Can I actually fix anything about this or is this a case of Core Data not being entirely ready for this? In reference to this, there was a workaround listed in the release notes of iOS 26 beta 5 (https://forums.swift.org/t/defaultisolation-mainactor-and-core-data-background-tasks/80569/22). Does this still apply as the only fix for this? This is a simplified sample meant to run on a background context. The issue obviously goes away if this function would just run on the MainActor, then I can remove the perform block entirely. class DataHandler { func createItem() async { let context = ... await context.perform { let newGame = Item(context: context) /// Main actor-isolated property 'timestamp' can not be mutated from a Sendable closure newGame.timestamp = Date.now // ... } } } The complete use case would be more like this: nonisolated struct DataHandler { @concurrent func saveItem() async throws { let context = await PersistenceController.shared.container.newBackgroundContext() try await context.perform { let newGame = Item(context: context) newGame.timestamp = Date.now try context.save() } } }

I have an iOS app (1Address) which allows users to share their address with family and friends using CloudKit Sharing. Users share their address record (CKRecord) via a share link/url which when tapped allows the receiving user to accept the share and have a persistent view into the sharing user's address record (CKShare). However, most users when they recieve a sharing link do not have the app installed yet, and so when a new receiving user taps the share link, it prompts them to download the app from the app store. After the new user downloads the app from the app store and opens the app, my understanding is that the system (iOS) will/should then vend to my app the previously tapped cloudKitShareMetadata (or share url), however, this metadata is not being vended by the system. This forces the user to re-tap the share link and leads to some users thinking the app doesn't work or not completing the sharing / onboarding flow. Is there a workaround or solve for this that doesn't require the user to tap the share link a second time? In my scene delegate I am implementing: func scene(_ scene: UIScene, willConnectTo session: UISceneSession, options connectionOptions: UIScene.ConnectionOptions) {...} And also func scene(_ scene: UIScene, continue userActivity: NSUserActivity) {...} And also: func windowScene(_ windowScene: UIWindowScene, userDidAcceptCloudKitShareWith cloudKitShareMetadata: CKShare.Metadata) {...} And: func scene(_ scene: UIScene, openURLContexts URLContexts: Set<UIOpenURLContext>) {...} Unfortunately, none of these are called or passed metadata on the initial app run after install. Only after the user goes back and taps a link again can they accept the share. This documentation: https://developer.apple.com/documentation/cloudkit/ckshare says that adding the CKSharingSupported key to your app's Info.plist file allows the system to launch your app when a user taps or clicks a share URL, but it does not clarify what should happen if your app is being installed for the first time. This seems to imply that the system is holding onto the share metadata and/or url, but for some reason it is not being vended to the app on first run. Open to any ideas here for how to fix and I also filed feedback: FB20934189.

I'm experiencing the following error with my SwiftData container when running a build: Code=134504 "Cannot use staged migration with an unknown model version." Code Structure - Summary I am using a versionedSchema to store multiple models in SwiftData. I started experiencing this issue when adding two new models in the newest Schema version. Starting from the current public version, V4.4.6, there are two migrations. Migration Summary The first migration is to V4.4.7. This is a lightweight migration removing one attribute from one of the models. This was tested and worked successfully. The second migration is to V5.0.0. This is a custom migration adding two new models, and instantiating instances of the two new models based on data from instances of the existing models. In the initial testing of this version, no issues were observed. Issue and Steps to Reproduce Reproduction of issue: Starting from a fresh build of the publicly released V4.4.6, I run a new build that contains both Schema Versions (V4.4.7 and V5.0.0), and their associated migration stages. This builds successfully, and the container successfully migrates to V5.0.0. Checking the default.store file, all values appear to migrate and instantiate correctly. The second step in reproduction of the issue is to simply stop running the build, and then rebuild, without any code changes. This fails to initialize the model container every time afterwards. Going back to the simulator after successive builds are stopped in Xcode, the app launches and accesses/modifies the model container as normal. Supplementary Issue: I have been putting up with the same, persistent issue in the Xcode Preview Canvas of "Failed to Initialize Model Container" This is a 5 in 6 build issue, where builds will work at random. In the case of previews, I have cleared all data associated with all previews multiple times. The only difference being that the simulator is a 100% failure rate after the initial, successful initialization. I assume this is due to the different build structure of previews. Lastly, of note, the Xcode previews fail at the same line in instantiating the model container as the simulator does. From my research into this issue, people say that the Xcode preview is instantiating from elsewhere. I do have a separate model container set up specifically for canvas previews, but the error does not occur in that container, but rather the app's main container. Possible Contributing Factors & Tested Facts iOS: While I have experienced issues with SwiftData and the complier in iOS 26, I can rule that out as the issue here. This has been tested on simulators running iOS 18.6, 26.0.1, and 26.1, all encountering failures to initialize model container. While in iOS 18, subsequent builds after the successful migration did work, I did eventually encounter the same error and crash. In iOS 26.0.1 and 26.1, these errors come immediately on the second build. Container Initialization for V4.4.6 do { container = try ModelContainer( for: Job.self, JobTask.self, Day.self, Charge.self, Material.self, Person.self, TaskCategory.self, Service.self, migrationPlan: JobifyMigrationPlan.self ) } catch { fatalError("Failed to Initialize Model Container") } Versioned Schema Instance for V4.4.6 (V4.4.7 differs only by versionIdentifier) static var versionIdentifier = Schema.Version(4, 4, 6) static var models: [any PersistentModel.Type] { [Job.self, JobTask.self, Day.self, Charge.self, Material.self, Person.self, TaskCategory.self, Service.self] } Container Initialization for V5.0.0 do { let schema = Schema([Jobify.self, JobTask.self, Day.self, Charge.self, MaterialItem.self, Person.self, TaskCategory.self, Service.self, ServiceJob.self, RecurerRule.self]) container = try ModelContainer( for: schema, migrationPlan: JobifyMigrationPlan.self ) } catch { fatalError("Failed to Initialize Model Container") } Versioned Schema Instance for V5.0.0 static var versionIdentifier = Schema.Version(5, 0, 0) static var models: [any PersistentModel.Type] { [ JobifySchemaV500.Job.self, JobifySchemaV500.JobTask.self, JobifySchemaV500.Day.self, JobifySchemaV500.Charge.self, JobifySchemaV500.Material.self, JobifySchemaV500.Person.self, JobifySchemaV500.TaskCategory.self, JobifySchemaV500.Service.self, JobifySchemaV500.ServiceJob.self, JobifySchemaV500.RecurerRule.self ] } Addressing Differences in Object Names Type-aliasing: All my model types are type-aliased for simplification in view components. All types are aliased as 'JobifySchemeV446.<#Name#>' in V.4.4.6, and 'JobifySchemaV500.<#Name#>' in V5.0.0 Issues with iOS 26: My type-aliases dating back to iOS 17 overlapped with lower level objects in Swift, including 'Job' and 'Material'. These started to be an issue with initializing the model container when running in iOS 26. The type aliases have been renamed since, however the V4.4.6 build with the old names runs and builds perfectly fine in iOS 26 If there is any other code that may be relevant in determining where this error is occurring, I would be happy to add it. My current best theory is simply that I have mistakenly omitted code relevant to the SwiftData Migration.

If use a SortDescriptor for a model and sort by some attribute from a relationship, in DEBUG mode it all works fine and sorts. However, in release mode, it is an instant crash. SortDescriptor(.name, order: .reverse) ---- works SortDescriptor(.assignedUser?.name, order: .reverse) ---- works in debug but crash in release. What is the issue here, is it that SwiftData just incompetent to do this?

Hi All, I work on a cross platform app, iOS/macOS. All devises on iOS could synchronize data from Coredata : I create a client, I see him an all iOS devices. But when I test on macOs (with TestFlight) the Mac app could not get any information from iOs devices. On Mac, cloud drive is working because I could download and upload documents and share it between all devices, so the account is working but with my App on MacOS, there is no synchronisation. idea????

I am following Apple's instruction to sync SwiftData with CloudKit. While initiating the ModelContainer, right after removing the store from Core Data, the error occurs: FAULT: NSInternalInconsistencyException: This NSPersistentStoreCoordinator has no persistent stores (unknown). It cannot perform a save operation.; (user info absent) I've tried removing default.store and its related files/folders before creating the ModelContainer with FileManager but it does not resolve the issue. Isn't it supposed to create a new store when the ModelContainer is initialized? I don't understand why this error occurs. Error disappears when I comment out the #if DEBUG block. Code: import CoreData import SwiftData import SwiftUI struct InitView: View { @Binding var modelContainer: ModelContainer? @Binding var isReady: Bool @State private var loadingDots = "" @State private var timer: Timer? var body: some View { VStack(spacing: 16) { Text("Loading\(loadingDots)") .font(.title2) .foregroundColor(.gray) } .padding() .onAppear { startAnimation() registerTransformers() let config = ModelConfiguration() let newContainer: ModelContainer do { #if DEBUG // Use an autorelease pool to make sure Swift deallocates the persistent // container before setting up the SwiftData stack. try autoreleasepool { let desc = NSPersistentStoreDescription(url: config.url) let opts = NSPersistentCloudKitContainerOptions(containerIdentifier: "iCloud.my-container-identifier") desc.cloudKitContainerOptions = opts // Load the store synchronously so it completes before initializing the // CloudKit schema. desc.shouldAddStoreAsynchronously = false if let mom = NSManagedObjectModel.makeManagedObjectModel(for: [Page.self]) { let container = NSPersistentCloudKitContainer(name: "Pages", managedObjectModel: mom) container.persistentStoreDescriptions = [desc] container.loadPersistentStores { _, err in if let err { fatalError(err.localizedDescription) } } // Initialize the CloudKit schema after the store finishes loading. try container.initializeCloudKitSchema() // Remove and unload the store from the persistent container. if let store = container.persistentStoreCoordinator.persistentStores.first { try container.persistentStoreCoordinator.remove(store) } } // let fileManager = FileManager.default // let sqliteURL = config.url // let urls: [URL] = [ // sqliteURL, // sqliteURL.deletingLastPathComponent().appendingPathComponent("default.store-shm"), // sqliteURL.deletingLastPathComponent().appendingPathComponent("default.store-wal"), // sqliteURL.deletingLastPathComponent().appendingPathComponent(".default_SUPPORT"), // sqliteURL.deletingLastPathComponent().appendingPathComponent("default_ckAssets") // ] // for url in urls { // try? fileManager.removeItem(at: url) // } } #endif newContainer = try ModelContainer(for: Page.self, configurations: config) // ERROR!!! } catch { fatalError(error.localizedDescription) } modelContainer = newContainer isReady = true } .onDisappear { stopAnimation() } } private func startAnimation() { timer = Timer.scheduledTimer( withTimeInterval: 0.5, repeats: true ) { _ in updateLoadingDots() } } private func stopAnimation() { timer?.invalidate() timer = nil } private func updateLoadingDots() { if loadingDots.count > 2 { loadingDots = "" } else { loadingDots += "." } } } import CoreData import SwiftData import SwiftUI @main struct MyApp: App { @State private var modelContainer: ModelContainer? @State private var isReady: Bool = false var body: some Scene { WindowGroup { if isReady, let modelContainer = modelContainer { ContentView() .modelContainer(modelContainer) } else { InitView(modelContainer: $modelContainer, isReady: $isReady) } } } }

I currently have a schema in production (cloudKit and local files) containing non-optional transformable values, e.g. @Attribute(.transformable(by: TestTransformer.self)) var number: TestTransformable = TestTransformable.init(value: 100) Unfortunately, this is preventing any migration from succeeding (documented at length in FB22151570). Briefly summarized, any migration from a Schema containing non-optional transformable values fails between willMigrate and didMigrate with the error "Can't find model for source store". This occurs for all migrations, including lightweight with a migration plan, lightweight without a plan, and custom migrations. Worst of all, this also prevents migration to optional transformable values, or the elimination of the transformable value entirely, leaving us completely stuck. (note: optional transformable values only work when they have a default value set to nil, otherwise even these have issues migrating) We already have features being blocked by this issue, and would like to preserve user-data while restoring our ability to move forwards with database. Are there any known workarounds for using SwiftData (+CloudKit) when schema migration is non-operational?

I have several macOS applications that use CloudKit. I need to test and finds out what happens when the user signs out of their iCloud account. That's because the application may lose data after signing out and then signing in again. Every time I do that, it'll take 15, 20 minutes... I don't time it, but it takes quite a gigantic time to sign out as the spinner keeps rolling. Why does it take so long to just sign out? This sign out effect is untestable because it takes a long time to sign out of an iCloud account and then make changes to the code and then test again. In case you need to know, my system version is Sequoia 15.7.

I have a SwiftData flashcard app which I am syncing with CloudKit using NSPersistentCloudKitContainer. While syncing itself is working perfectly, I have noticed a dramatic increase in the app size after enabling sync. Specifically, without CloudKit, 15k flashcards results in the default.store file being about 4.5 MB. With CloudKit, default.store is about 67 MB. I have inspected the store and found that most of this increase is due to the ANSCKRECORDMETADATA table. My question is, does implementing CloudKit normally cause this magnitude of increase in storage? If it doesn’t, is there something in my model, schema, implementation, etc. that could be causing it? Below are two other posts describing a similar issue, but neither with a solution. I replied to the first one about a month ago. I then submitted this to Developer Technical Support, but was asked to post my question in the forums, so here it is. Strange behavior with 100k+ records in NSPersistentCloudKitContainer Huge increase in sqlite file size after adopting CloudKit

We are trying to solve for the following condition with SwiftData + CloudKit: Lots of data in CloudKit Perform "app-reset" to clear data & App settings and start fresh. Reset data models with try modelContext.delete(model:_) myModel.count() confirms local deletion (0 records); but iCloud Console shows expectedly slow process to delete. Old CloudKit data is returning during the On Boarding process. Questions: • Would making a new iCloud Zone for each reset work around this, as the new zone would be empty? We're having trouble finding details about how to do this with SwiftData. • Would CKSyncEngine have a benefit over the default SwiftData methods? Open to hearing if anyone has experienced a similar challenge and how you worked around it!

Since running on iOS 14b1, I'm getting this in my log (I have Core Data logging enabled): error: Store opened without NSPersistentHistoryTrackingKey but previously had been opened with NSPersistentHistoryTrackingKey - Forcing into Read Only mode store at 'file:///private/var/mobile/Containers/Shared/AppGroup/415B75A6-92C3-45FE-BE13-7D48D35909AF/StoreFile.sqlite' As far as I can tell, it's impossible to open my store without that key set - it's in the init() of my NSPersistentContainer subclass, before anyone calls it to load stores. Any ideas?

I am trying out the new AttributedString binding with SwiftUI’s TextEditor in iOS26. I need to save this to a Core Data database. Core Data has no AttributedString type, so I set the type of the field to “Transformable”, give it a custom class of NSAttributedString, and set the transformer to NSSecureUnarchiveFromData When I try to save, I first convert the Swift AttributedString to NSAttributedString, and then save the context. Unfortunately I get this error when saving the context, and the save isn't persisted: CoreData: error: SQLCore dispatchRequest: exception handling request: <NSSQLSaveChangesRequestContext: 0x600003721140> , <shared NSSecureUnarchiveFromData transformer> threw while encoding a value. with userInfo of (null) Here's the code that tries to save the attributed string: struct AttributedDetailView: View { @ObservedObject var item: Item @State private var notesText = AttributedString() var body: some View { VStack { TextEditor(text: $notesText) .padding() .onChange(of: notesText) { item.attributedString = NSAttributedString(notesText) } } .onAppear { if let nsattributed = item.attributedString { notesText = AttributedString(nsattributed) } else { notesText = "" } } .task { item.attributedString = NSAttributedString(notesText) do { try item.managedObjectContext?.save() } catch { print("core data save error = \(error)") } } } } This is the attribute setup in the Core Data model editor: Is there a workaround for this? I filed FB17943846 if someone can take a look. Thanks.

While testing record creation in public CloudKit database for authenticated user I am able to do so without any issues. But for devices missing iCloud account or authentication expired I am seeing the below error: ▿ <CKError 0x97a959200: "Permission Failure" (10/2007); server message = "CREATE operation not permitted"; op = 67331DE3AF3DD666; uuid = 1F3ACD4F-A799-4CD4-ADF0-EDE9E12F2DCB; container ID = "***"> _nsError : <CKError 0x97a959200: "Permission Failure" (10/2007); server message = "CREATE operation not permitted"; op = 67331DE3AF3DD666; uuid = 1F3ACD4F-A799-4CD4-ADF0-EDE9E12F2DCB; container ID = "***"> I am unable to add create/write permission to _world security role in dashboard. Is this something not supported by Cloudkit? Only authenticated iCloud users will be able to create and write data to public database as well?

If I set my build settings "default actor isolation" to MainActor, how do my @ModelActor actors and model classes need to look like ? For now, I am creating instances of my @ModelActor actors and passing my modelContext container and processing all data there. Everything stays in this context. No models are transferred back to MainActor. Now, after changing my project settings, I am getting a huge amount of warnings. Do I need to set all my model classes to non-isolated and the @ModelActor actor as well? Is there any new sample code to cover this topic ... did not find anything for now. Thanks in advance, Marc

Hi. I'm hoping someone might be able to help us with an issue that's been affecting our standalone watchOS app for some time now. We've encountered consistent crashes on Apple Watch devices when the app enters the background while the device is offline (i.e., no Bluetooth and no Wi-Fi connection). Through extensive testing, we've isolated the problem to the use of NSPersistentCloudKitContainer. When we switch to NSPersistentContainer, the crashes no longer occur. Interestingly, this issue only affects our watchOS app. The same CloudKit-based persistence setup works reliably on our iOS and macOS apps, even when offline. This leads us to believe the issue may be specific to how NSPersistentCloudKitContainer behaves on watchOS when the device is disconnected from the network. We're targeting watchOS 10 and above. We're unsure if this is a misconfiguration on our end or a potential system-level issue, and we would greatly appreciate any insight or guidance.

Hi, I’m working on a macOS app that includes a file browser component. And I’m trying to match Finder’s behavior for color tags and folder icons. For local files/folders everything works fine: Tag color key returns the expected label number via NSColor * labelColor = nil; [fileURL getResourceValue:&labelColor forKey:NSURLLabelColorKey error:nil]; NSNumber * labelKey = nil; [fileURL getResourceValue:&labelKey forKey:NSURLLabelNumberKey error:nil]; QLThumbnailGenerator obtains the expected colored folder icon (including emoji/symbol overlay if set) via QLThumbnailGenerationRequest * request = [[QLThumbnailGenerationRequest alloc] initWithFileAtURL:fileURL size:iconSize scale:scaleFactor representationTypes:QLThumbnailGenerationRequestRepresentationTypeIcon]; request.iconMode = YES; [[QLThumbnailGenerator sharedGenerator] generateBestRepresentationForRequest:request completionHandler:^(QLThumbnailRepresentation * _Nullable thumbnail, NSError * _Nullable error) { if (thumbnail != nil && error == nil) { NSImage * thumbnailImage = [thumbnail NSImage]; // ... } }]; However, for items on iCloud Drive (whether currently downloaded locally or only stored in the cloud), the same code always produces gray colors, while Finder shows everything correctly: NSURLLabelNumberKey always returns 1 (gray) for items with color tags, and 0 for non-tagged. Folder icons returned via QLThumbnailGenerator are gray, no emoji/symbol overlays. Reading tag data from xattr gives values like “Green\1” (tag name matches, but numeric value is still "Gray"). Also, if I move a correctly-tagged local item into iCloud Drive, it immediately becomes gray in my app (Finder still shows the correct colors). Question: What is the supported way to retrieve Finder tag colors and the correct folder icon appearance (color + overlays) for items in iCloud Drive, so that the result matches Finder? I am on macOS Tahoe 26.2/26.3, Xcode 26.2 (17C52). If you need any additional details, please let me know. Thanks!

I have the following struct doing some simple tasks, running a network request and then saving items to Core Data. Per Xcode 26's new default settings (onisolated(nonsending) & defaultIsolation set to MainActor), the struct and its functions run on the main actor, which works fine and I can even safely omit the context.perform call because of it, which is great. struct DataHandler { func importGames(withIDs ids: [Int]) async throws { ... let context = PersistenceController.shared.container.viewContext for game in games { let newGame = GYGame(context: context) newGame.id = UUID() } try context.save() } } Now, I want to run this in a background thread to increase performance and responsiveness. So I followed this session (https://developer.apple.com/videos/play/wwdc2025/270) and believe the solution is to mark the struct as nonisolated and the function itself as @concurrent. The function now works on a background thread, but I receive a crash: _dispatch_assert_queue_fail. This happens whether I wrap the Core Data calls with context.perform or not. Alongside that I get a few new warnings which I have no idea how to work around. So, what am I doing wrong here? What's the correct way to solve this simple use case with Swift 6's new concurrency stuff and the default main actor isolation in Xcode 26? Curiously enough, when setting onisolated(nonsending) to false & defaultIsolation to non isolating, mimicking the previous behavior, the function works without crashing. nonisolated struct DataHandler { @concurrent func importGames(withIDs ids: [Int]) async throws { ... let context = await PersistenceController.shared.container.newBackgroundContext() for game in games { let newGame = GYGame(context: context) newGame.id = UUID() // Main actor-isolated property 'id' can not be mutated from a nonisolated context; this is an error in the Swift 6 language mode } try context.save() } }

I'm a first time developer for Swift, (getting on a bit!) but after programming in VB back in the late 90s I wanted to write an app for iPhone. I think I might have gone about it the wrong way, but I've got an app that works great on my iPhone or works great on my iPad. It saves the data persistently on device, but, no matter how much I try, what I read and even resorting to AI (ChatGPT & Gemini) I still can't get it to save the data on iCloud to synchronise between the two and work across the devices. I think it must be something pretty fundamental I'm doing (or more likely not doing) that is causing the issue. I'm setting up my signing and capabilities as per the available instructions but I always get a fatal error. I think it might be something to do with making fields optional, but at this point I'm second guessing myself and feeling a complete failure. Any advice or pointers would be really gratefully appreciated. I like my app and would like eventually to get it on the App Store but at this point in time I feel it should be on the failed projects heap! I've even tried a new Xcode project for iOS and asking it to use SwiftData and CloudKit - the default project should work - right? But it absolutely doesn't for me. Please send help!!

Hi everyone, I’m working on an offline-first iOS app using Core Data. I have a question about safe future updates: in my project, I want to be able to add new optional fields to existing Entities or even completely new Entities in future versions — but nothing else (no renaming, deleting, or type changes). Here’s how my current PersistenceController looks: import CoreData struct PersistenceController { static let shared = PersistenceController() let container: NSPersistentContainer init(inMemory: Bool = false) { container = NSPersistentContainer(name: "MyApp") if inMemory { container.persistentStoreDescriptions.first!.url = URL(fileURLWithPath: "/dev/null") } container.loadPersistentStores(completionHandler: { (storeDescription, error) in if let error = error as NSError? { print("Core Data failed to load store: \(error), \(error.userInfo)") } }) container.viewContext.automaticallyMergesChangesFromParent = true } } Do I need to explicitly set these properties to ensure lightweight migration works? shouldMigrateStoreAutomatically = true shouldInferMappingModelAutomatically = true Or, according to the documentation, are they already true by default, so I can safely add optional fields and new Entities in future versions without breaking users’ existing data? Thanks in advance for your guidance!

Hello Apple Team, We’re building a CloudKit-enabled Core Data app and would like clarification on the behavior and performance characteristics of Binary Data attributes with “Allows External Storage” enabled when used with NSPersistentCloudKitContainer. Initially, we tried storing image files manually on disk and only saving the metadata (file URLs, dimensions, etc.) in Core Data. While this approach reduced the size of the Core Data store, it introduced instability after app updates and broke sync between devices. We would prefer to use the official Apple-recommended method and have Core Data manage image storage and CloudKit syncing natively. Specifically, we’d appreciate guidance on the following: When a Binary Data attribute is marked as “Allows External Storage”, large image files are stored as separate files on device rather than inline in the SQLite store. How effective is this mechanism in keeping the Core Data store size small on device? Are there any recommended size thresholds or known limits for how many externally stored blobs can safely be managed this way? How are these externally stored files handled during CloudKit sync? Does each externally stored Binary Data attribute get mirrored to CloudKit as a CKAsset? Does external storage reduce the sync payload size or network usage, or is the full binary data still uploaded/downloaded as part of the CKAsset? Are there any bandwidth implications for users syncing via their private CloudKit database, versus developer costs in the public CloudKit database? Is there any difference in CloudKit or Core Data behavior when a Binary Data attribute is managed this way versus manually storing image URLs and handling the file separately on disk? Our goal is to store user-generated images efficiently and safely sync them via CloudKit, without incurring excessive local database bloat or CloudKit network overhead. Any detailed guidance or internal performance considerations would be greatly appreciated. Thank you, Paul Barry Founder & Lead Developer — Boat Buddy / Vessel Buddy iOS App Archipelago Environmental Solutions Inc.